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Shipping’s fourth wave: ship management and Vernon’s trade cycles

雑誌名 Maritime policy & management
出版社 Taylor & Francis
巻号 Vol.16 No.4
筆者・編者・翻訳者 Gunnar K. Sletmo
記事概要

Introduction
Trade cycles and shipping
Initial location of production
Example of initial ‘location’ of containerized shipping
Maturing products and footloose industries
Search for least-cost locations
Shift from exporting to importing shipping services
Stages of maritime transport: shipping’s first wave
Second wave: the quest for maritime power
Flagging out: the third wave
Modern ship management: a fourth wave?
Redistribution of flags, 1981-1986
Rise and decline of maritime nations
Emergence of NMCs - the New Maritime Countries