| 記事概要 |
Introduction
General trends in deep-sea shipping and cost reduction
Importance of certain trades in the ECAP region: uneven progress
Reasons for past patterns of conventional shipment
Past difficulties in rationalizing deep-sea movements: problems
Cotainerization and bulk shipment
The effects of containerization
Transport cost reduction solutions and the market framework
Piecemeal evolution of new solutions on an optional basis
Two patterns of bulk development
Bulk services: the role of the shipowner
Bulk services through delivery: standpoint of the producers
Bulk services: bringing together of the various parties concerned
Practicality of bulk services with through distribution to importers
Type of cargo suitable for bulk services
Bulk services, fast working cargo and the concentration of port calls
The choice of port: relevant factors
The choice of port: role of port authorities
Bulk services: shipowners’ greater freedom of choice of port
Concentration and de-concentration of port calls
Benefits and dis-benefits of bulking and of related port developments
Port improvements and port charges
Bulk services and simplicity in port charges
Port charges: minimum aim of avoiding discouragements to efficiency
Conclusion
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